Brain–computer interfaces for human gait restoration

Abstract In this review article, we present more than a decade of our work on the development brain–computer interface (BCI) systems for restoration walking following neurological injuries such as spinal cord injury (SCI) or stroke. Most has been in domain non-invasive electroencephalogram-based BCIs, including interfacing system with virtual reality environment and physical prostheses. Real-time online tests are presented to demonstrate ability able-bodied subjects well those SCI purposefully operate BCI system. Extensions also include portable low-cost suitable at-home use, ongoing efforts develop fully implantable leg sensation after SCI, novel BCI-based therapy stroke rehabilitation.